Early Modern England a Social History

Free Essays on Happiness And Hedonism

Joy and Hedonism Gratification can be characterized as joy or satisfaction being the sole acceptable throughout everyday life. The quest for joy for bliss is the fundamental objective of lead. Aristippus went further to instruct that delight is the most elevated human worth that ought to be appreciated, and torment the least which ought to be dodged no matter what, in the case of being caused or endured. He kept up that individuals should practice judgment and restraint in their quest for joy. His aphorism was, â€Å"I have, I am not possessed.† Aristippus’ significant way of thinking, Cyrenaic indulgence, asserted the main worries with acquiring delight is the manner by which quick, physical, brief the length, extreme, and different it is. Aristippus accepted that life is short and ought to be lived to the fullest capability of the NOW. Bliss is the quest for moment, substantial delight. Why go through an hour in profound, scholarly discussion when one can enjoy a gourmet supper that is extravagantly arranged? There is no compelling reason to concentrate on a future that is questionable when the prompt self-delight is directly before us. Erotic delights are seen as the best physical joys. Not exclusively is one being delighted in the physical now, however the faculties are being stirred for the occasion. This can be found in the main physical experience with somebody. Not exclusively is one being contacted genuinely, however the sheer joy of different faculties being investigated is happiness. Becoming more acquainted with that individual by how they sound, taste, feel, smell, and the manner in which they look isn't just a hotspot for joy, yet for delight moreover. â€Å"The quickness of delights doesn't detract from their value. The point of life is to have the same number of pleasurable minutes as one can.† As it might take a long time for a â€Å"good† wine to age, it just takes a solitary second for one to appreciate the satisfying taste. The more extended the term of the delight doesn't make it a superior one. Time isn't of the substance for the... Free Essays on Happiness And Hedonism Free Essays on Happiness And Hedonism Bliss and Hedonism Indulgence can be characterized as joy or satisfaction being the sole acceptable throughout everyday life. The quest for delight for satisfaction is the fundamental objective of direct. Aristippus went further to encourage that joy is the most noteworthy human worth that ought to be delighted in, and torment the least which ought to be kept away from no matter what, in the case of being dispensed or endured. He kept up that individuals should practice judgment and poise in their quest for bliss. His adage was, â€Å"I have, I am not possessed.† Aristippus’ significant way of thinking, Cyrenaic gratification, asserted the main worries with getting delight is the manner by which quick, physical, brief the length, extraordinary, and different it is. Aristippus accepted that life is short and ought to be lived to the fullest capability of the NOW. Bliss is the quest for moment, unmistakable delight. Why go through an hour in profound, scholarly discussion when one can enjoy a gourmet dinner that is richly arranged? There is no compelling reason to concentrate on a future that is unsure when the prompt self-delight is directly before us. Sexy delights are seen as the best physical joys. Not exclusively is one being satisfied in the physical now, however the faculties are being stirred for the occasion. This can be found in the primary physical experience with somebody. Not exclusively is one being contacted genuinely, however the sheer joy of different faculties being investigated is euphoria. Becoming more acquainted with that individual by how they sound, taste, feel, smell, and the manner in which they look isn't just a hotspot for joy, however for delight moreover. â€Å"The quickness of delights doesn't detract from their value. The point of life is to have the same number of pleasurable minutes as one can.† As it might take a long time for a â€Å"good† wine to age, it just takes a solitary second for one to appreciate the satisfying taste. The more extended the length of the delight doesn't make it a superior one. Time isn't of the substance for the...

Human Flu Essay Samples - Finding Good Writing Tips

Human Flu Essay Samples - Finding Good Writing TipsThere are many good essay samples out there for people to use for the human flu writing skills section. However, if you do not like what you see, you can always download one of the many free samples of essays to use for this section. That way, you have the ability to fill in any blanks that you might find with your own writings.For starters, you will want to get some of the best samples of the basic human flu writing skills that you can find. The human flu essay samples that you choose should be ones that you enjoy reading and are easy to read as well.Some of the places that you can find these essays for review can be found by looking at the various search engines that are out there today. They will let you look for them online to give you the option of looking up any samples of essay samples that you can find. This will make it easier for you to compare what you are looking for and determine which essay sample you want to read.Once you find a sample that you like, you can then check out all of the various sites that offer free and paid sample essays. You can look through their literature to find the different things that you can do to use the different samples as you are writing your own essay. Many of the paid sites will give you the ability to look through each essay and find what you might want to include in each one so that you are ready to write your own.Of course, there are many samples that will cost you money to use, but you should be able to find many great things for your money when you are looking through them. If you find something that you like, you can use that as the basis for your essay as long as you are not making changes to it. Most of the things that are free for you to use are the same as the ones that you can buy for your essay needs.By using the various essay samples, you will find that you can write a very good essay about anything that you want to write about. You will find that the hu man flu essay samples that you look through will be useful when you are writing for various things such as groups, school, organizations, or even the workplace. In fact, many of the places that offer sample essays will also provide you with different sorts of language that you might be interested in using when you are using the sample essay in your writing.This is why it is a good choice to go through the sample essays and try to fill in any blanks that you may find. You can find many different things that you can learn from the essay samples that you use. If you want to take your essay writing skills to the next level, you will want to see what you can find for your money as well.You should be able to look through the various human flu essay samples and come up with a list of the ones that you like the best. Then, you will want to look through those samples and see what sort of things you are going to want to use in your essay. You will then be able to know how to write your own es say and put all of the best ideas into one.

Aids/Hiv Essay 10 - 637 Words

AIDS/HIV The HIV virus poses one of the biggest viral threats to human society today. It is contracted through bodily fluids such as blood and semen, and sometimes even saliva and tears. AIDS kills 100% of its victims and puts them through agony before they die. It has been a threat for about 15 years, and it is not going to stop now. In fact, AIDS is just getting started: It consumes more people each year. There is no known treatment for it either, only antibiotics to slow the reproduction of the virus. HIV is passed from one person to another by bodily fluids only. It is usually gotten through sexual intercourse or other intimate contact, through the exchanging of unsterilized intravenous needles, or by the contact of†¦show more content†¦The life expectancy of an AIDS victim after the birth of symptoms is 1 to 5 years. AIDS was believed to have begun in Central Africa around 1979. Nearly all of the first AIDS patients were male homosexuals. However, after 1989 90% of all new cases of AIDS were from heterosexual intercourse. Public awareness rose as famous people began to die, like Rock Hudson, Perry Ellis, Michael Bennett, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Tony Richardson. Basketball star Magic Johnson also reported having AIDS. The approximate number of AIDS cases in the U.S. alone is 65,000 and growing. So far, there is no treatment or vaccination for AIDS. With most viruses, the body produces antibodies that eventually destroy the virus. However, with HIV, natural antibodies are completely ineffective. Blood tests will not give accurate results of infection of HIV until between 2 weeks and 3 months after the initial infection. In 1987, the drug AZT (azidothymidine) had proved effective in slowing the growth of the virus, but it was lethal in large doses and some patients could not handle taking it at all. There was a new HIV- fighting chemical scientists found called DDI (dideoxyinosine) that was not as harmful to the patient and could be used in AZT ¹s place for more sensitive patients. In 1992 DDC (zalcitbine) was found to be useful for delaying the reproduction of HIV in patients with advanced AIDS, but only in conjunction with AZT. AIDS is one of an epidemic of super-deadlyShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Thailand Kingdom1477 Words   |  6 Pages Thailand kingdom is one of the success stories related to HIV incidence reduction. Located in the middle mainland peninsula of South East Asia region and surrounded by other 5 South East Asia countries (Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia), Thailand population has growth rapidly from 20.6 million in 1950 to around 66 million in 2015 (1,2). During 1980-1991 Thailand kingdom is one the countries that have a high rate of HIV/AIDS in South East Asia. It grouped with Cambodia, Burma and someRead MoreHIV : Useful Treatments For Infecting HIV807 Words   |  4 PagesHIV can currently be regulated by several successful treatments. The current rates of infection have been on the decline due to education, prevention, and getting people treatment according to UNAIDS1. However, a cure has not been found. With a rapidly changing virus, it will be hard to definitively create a cure anytime soon. However, there are a few new ways of treating the virus already infecting genomes of many peop le. These treatments will work with the current methods being used and will notRead MoreThe 1981 Hiv / Aids Epidemic1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1981 HIV/AIDS epidemic was a time of turmoil for the LGBT+ community due to the high transmission risk of HIV/AIDS between homosexuals (Richardson 5). Tension ran high within community, as different groups experienced different amounts of discrimination for their transmission risk. In particular, scholars find that â€Å"tensions between lesbian and bisexual women was much more problematic than tensions between gay and bisexual men† (Udis-Kessler 46). Despite the similarities of lesbian and bisexualRead MoreThe Main Cause Of Famine On Africa1674 Words   |  7 Pagesstill the case today is natural disasters.While environmental catastrophes may have played a part in causing famine to Africa it can not be discussed in isolation, there are other factors that have to be taken into consideration. The main aim of this essay is to give a critical discussion of the causes of famine in Africa today. To start with, natural disasters may have triggered famines in the past and that is still the case today in the African continent. For instance,in 2011 to mid 2012,east AfricaRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay And Bisexual Women1280 Words   |  6 Pageswomen â€Å"politically untrustworthy† (â€Å"Neutralizing the Political Threat† 9). As the HIV/AIDS epidemic reached North America, historian Udis-Kessler noted that â€Å"tensions between lesbian and bisexual women became much more problematic than tensions between gay and bisexual men† (46). The political differences between lesbian and bisexual women ultimately resulted in the accusation of bisexual women transmitting the HIV/AIDS virus into the lesbian community. The rejection of bisexuals from the lesbian feministRead MorePharmaceutical Rights and Marketing1175 Words   |  5 PagesHIV Informative Essay The United States is notorious for many things such as being one of the most powerful and wealthy nations on the planet. However, something that most people don’t know is that the United States has 1.1 million citizens ill with the HIV virus. Something even more astounding is that of those 1.1 million only about 200,000 are receiving medication and have the virus under control due to the high cost of the medication. Many pharmaceutical companies have begun to find gaps withinRead MoreHow Hiv Is Transmitted From One Individual988 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay I will be discussing how HIV is transmitted from one individual to another through a number of ways which include: unprotected sex, sharing injecting equipment and other needles, pregnancy, childbirth and breast feeding, and blood transfusion; various treatments available to affected individuals to prolong and enable them to live a healthy life as there is currently no cure for HIV; and finally the psycho-social asp ects involved in HIV infection including fear and loss, hopelessnessRead MoreNon-State Actors Affected International Relations1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are informal organization or also called Non-State Actors (NSA) that controlled by people from the states. Together they increase the world politics. NSA influenced the political systems also affected in the International Relations. In this essay I would divided into three topics: (1) Non-State Actors, (2) Non-State Actors in the International Relations. With these cases, I would explain about Non-State Actors, the background and the types of NSA. Find and connecting NSA case with the InternationalRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Hiv Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are good happenings in life, there are bad happenings as well. Overtime there have been new diseases and viruses that strike us unexpectedly and for the worst. One of the many epidemic viruses that shook our world was the virus known as HIV. When the virus HIV first hit the globe it was horrifying and everyone around the world was petrified for his or her life. For instance, folks believed it would be another plaque sequence where many people died like the drop of a dime. In fact, the virus wasRead MoreWhat Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesJennifer Whitcroft WMS 487-01 Essay 3, Option 2 Pearl Cleage’s novel, What Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day gives a glimpse into the life of Ava Johnson, a recently diagnosed, HIV positive, middle-aged woman. Ava begins the novel as a single woman in transition from a fast paced, close-minded life in Atlanta, to a more open-minded, life of opportunity in San Francisco. The transition brings her to her hometown of Idlewild, Michigan to stay with her sister for the summer. Ava’s transition

Nonverbal Verbal And Verbal Language - 1776 Words

Nonverbal and Verbal Language is Powerful When a friend says hi to you and waves his hand, would you think that you are being welcomed? Or, when a friend says goodbye without looking at you, would you think you are being neglected? Everyday, we interact with different people to exchange our ideas, and we share our thoughts through communication. However, people do not recognize that our communication is divided into nonverbal language and verbal language, and this paper demonstrates the concept of kinesics and the concept of haptics from the nonverbal communication and the concept of slang and the concept of powerful and powerless language from the verbal communication through a television show â€Å"The Real O Neal, The Real Heartbreak†,†¦show more content†¦By hitting the floor and yelling out, it allows receivers to easily understand her meaning. We can also compare the difference effect between using kinesics and not using kinesics in another scenario. I suppose t here is a district attorney in a court trial to press charges against a defendant who commits a third degree of murder, and the lawyer has to prove to the members of the jury that the defendant is a cruel murder. When he illustrates the incident of the crime, he uses a sharp pen to stab on the table in front of the jury while he speaks about how the murder uses a sharp knife to stab on the victim until the victim is bled to death. Using a sharp pen to stab on the table is kinesics, and the demonstration strengthens the district attorney’s ideas and it helps the jury to better understand the crime. On the defendant side, the defendant’s lawyer defends the murder by telling the jury that stabbing the victim is an unintentional action because the defendant slips and loses his balance. When the defendant’s lawyer does cross examination, he only verbally presents the story. This weakens his argument because the jury does not see any illustration to support his claim. When the verdict comes out, the defender is found guilty of the third degree of murder. From the communication between the two lawyers and the jury, we see the district attorney presents a stronger argument to the jury than the defender’s attorney because he uses words and body languagesShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Verbal And Non Verbal Communication1689 Words   |  7 Pagescooperation. Verbal communication is an essential and considerable part of the business negotiation; it is believe as the most crucial and direct means of communication. However, non-verbal communication, such as paralanguage, proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, oculesics, colorics and olfactics, can transfer information and emotion far more efficiency and actually. The study of nonverbal communication is very important, especially in cross-cultural background, maybe we couldn’t understand the language a foreignerRead MoreThe Role Of Non Verbal Communication On Intercultural Communication1411 W ords   |  6 Pagesintercultural communication has become more ligual and more significant than ever before (Wang, 2007). As an international language, English has played an prominent role in making the communication easy between two people with different cultural backgrounds. As a result, the EFL education has concluded the communicative sufficiency as one of the important goals of English as Foreign Language teaching. It seems that intercultural communication will be a successful, as long as the speaker has achieved highRead MoreThe Principles of Communication1557 Words   |  6 Pagesclassified to two types, verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication focuses mainly on vocals while non-verbal communication is innate and takes into account the speechless signals people do, not say, when interacting with each other. It takes several forms, such as voice characteristics, body language, chromatics and chronemics. In this report, the importance of non-verbal communication concept w ill be discussed as well as an explanation and examples of each of these types. Non Verbal refers to a communicationRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in School1661 Words   |  7 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal communication in School is an important topic to be learned by human beings. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in School Introduction â€Å"People cannot live without each other, we are social beings† (Marwijk). Students from different levels and cultures love to hang out with each other thus using different nonverbal communication which may buildRead MoreEffective Communication Is Vital for Sucees in Professional, Corporate, and Academic Environments579 Words   |  3 Pagescommunication found to be most effective are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication is the procedure of articulating instructions or interpretations by word of mouth. As human beings we use this type of communication frequently, in a variety of settings, under different circumstances each and every day. Verbal communication is particularly important in workplace, and is the simplest, most understandable form of communication. However, verbal communication is not successful unlessRead MoreVerbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication1235 Words   |  5 Pagestypes’ verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is when we communicate using words exchange in the form of speech in writing or oral. Nonverbal communication does not use words for exchange a message. We use body language, facial expressions, sign language, and eye contact among a few things (Adler, Elmhorst, Lucas, 2013). Verbal Communication Verbal communication is the most effective form of communication. With verbal communicationRead MoreNon Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls875 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction:- Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, body language or posture, physical distance, facial expression and eye contact, which are all types of nonverbal communication. Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythmRead More Non-verbal Communication Essay890 Words   |  4 Pagesphone or in person. There will always be some interaction between two or more people. This interaction will bring about many thought process and emotions that will give the receiver a cue to respond with verbal and nonverbal messages. `â€Å"Every time one person interacts with another non-verbal communication takes place, it `may be intentional or unintentional, but it is part of the rapid stream of communication that passes between two interacting individual† (Gabbott Hogg, 2001). The responsesRead MoreCommunication through Gestures and Facial Expressions Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesExpressions Nonverbal communication can be defined as the transfer of messages without the use of words. It uses physical movement; such as hand gestures and body language, and also facial expressions; for example, eye contact, frowning, and smiling. Marta Dynel defines nonverbal (NVC) communication as: While in broad definitions NVC includes any kind of non-verbal messages (or non-verbal signs) proper to informative processes, more narrow definitions restrict it to non-language (or better non-linguistic)Read MoreThe Psychological Study Of Non Verbal Communication1447 Words   |  6 PagesPsychological Study of Non-Verbal Communication Jonathan D. Benton Columbia College of Missouri Student References used will be listed throughout the paper as well as listed at the end. Abstract In this paper we will be discussing the ideas involved with non-verbal communication as it pertains to the human species and also how it is perceived by others or completely over looked. We will discuss how non-verbal communication has changed throughout history. The study of Non-verbal communication has

The Current State Of Financial Market In United States Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Harmonizing to many economic experts. the U. S economic system is traveling toward a recession. This has affected the fiscal market in a figure of ways taking to a diminution in public presentation of major fiscal participant like the Wall Street and subsequent closing of some investing Bankss like the bears Stearm Investment that was bought by one of JPMorgans Corporation. The fiscal crisis in US has chiefly been caused by the prostration of the lodging bubbles ensuing to lodging crisis in August of 2007. . World Wide Web. CNNMoney. com In 2001 and 2002 there was a major recession in US economic system that prompted the Federal Reserve to the short- term from involvement rates 6. 5 % to 1 % in order to promote more public adoption so as to resuscitate the economic system from the arrested development of the clip. The reduced rates encouraged many people to come in mortgage finance agreement in order to get houses at a low involvement rate. At this clip besides the place Sellerss were giving money to charity organisation. which donated the same to individual who needed the initial down payment in order to procure a mortgage. The Sellerss of the house as a consequence inflated the monetary values of houses so that they can retrieve the contribution they had put into charity. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. chance. org/cs/articles? article=the_bubble_economy This increased demand of houses resulted to increase in the monetary values of houses in United States. Between 2004 and 2006 the federal ; militias increased the rates from 1 % to 5. 25 % taking to decrease in monetary values of houses. The lodging bubble continued through 2004 and 2005 making flood tide in twelvemonth 2006. The consequence of this was that the householders had accumulated more mortgage loans than the value of houses they had acquired. By 2007 the householders had accumulated a batch of debts than they could pay. By grand 2007 the state of affairs was declared a crisis. This crisis has affected the fiscal market negatively since it has caused deflation non merely in the lodging sector but other sectors of the economic system every bit good. World Wide Web. CNNMoney. com In this study I will analyse the current state of affairs in the fiscal market every bit good as the implicit in economic factors that have led to this economic crisis in U. S. Interest Ratess From September to show. the Federal Reserve has cut down the short-run involvement rates 6 times in an effort to reconstruct investor’s assurance and promote growing of the economic system. Presently many economic experts are of the position that United States is sing a recession. which is defined by more than six months negative growing in the economic system of any state. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. federalreserve. gov/fomc/fundsrate. htm The short-run involvement rates are related to the house monetary values in the sense that a decrease in short term monetary values by the Federal Reserves has the consequence of increasing the monetary values of house. The current deflation in US economic system has mostly resulted signifier lodging crisis that started in August 2007. This lodging crisis was caused by prostration of lodging bubble that was recorded between 2000-2006. The lodging bubble was caused by decrease of short t-term rate by federal modesty from 6. 5 % to 1 % between twelvemonth 2001-2002. This resulted many people to form for place ownership through mortgages ensuing to over rating of these places. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. federalreserve. gov/fomc/fundsrate. htm Subsequently in 2004. the Federal Reserve increased the short-run involvement rates from 1 % to 5. 25 % . This had an impact of take downing the value of houses. The householders were left with mortgage loans. which was many times every bit much as the value of the houses. The place proprietors were left with mortgage loans which was many times every bit much as the value of the houses they were paying for. The lodging has non affected the householders entirely. It besides affected the home-builders. place supply ; place supply retail merchants. the fiscal establishments like Bankss. and hedge fund of Wall Street taking to one of major recession of all time witnessed in US economic system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. chance. org/cs/articles? article=the_bubble_economy The deflation has affected the stock market whereby most of them have recorded a diminution in their merchandising activities. From Wall Street’s trading study the value of stock of the assorted companies has dropped. Software stock encountered some merchandising troubles with oracle stocks gross revenues amounting to $ 5. 35 billion. which is manner below wall streets projections of 5. 42 billion dollars. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. economic expert. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9769471 The fiscal sector’ place besides weakened as a consequence of a female analyst negative study on a figure of securities firm houses. The Annex Deal. index one of the house listed in the wall street recorded a 4 % loss adding to its old loss in the last trading session. The lone stock that recorded modest additions in value was coca-cola and several pharmaceuticals companies. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? : The recession has besides had an impact on unemployment whereby the unemployment in United States has risen from 4. 5 % to 4. 8 % within the last two months. The increased unemployment may hold resulted from reduced activities of those companies since due to a reduced demand of their merchandises. Therefore. these companies need fewer employees to provide for reduced production. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? : The deflation in US has besides led to closing of many fiscal establishments. Bear Stearms Investment book was acquired by JP Morgan since it was on its manner to go insolvent. Assorted steps by cardinal map of US to reconstruct the normal map of recognition market have non succeeded since the Bankss have restricted loaning in and concentrating on how they will better on their balance sheet place. During the last one-fourth of 2007. the economic system grew by 0. 6 % as compared to a growing of 4. 9 % . which had been recorded. in the 3rd one-fourth. This can be attributed to the manifestation of effects of lodging crisis has played a major low to stagnate the economic growing of United States economic system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? : Presently. the rising prices is 4. 12 % but the Federal Reserves activity is likely to increase it. The federal in add-on to cutting the short-run involvement rates. hold given a important sum of revenue enhancement discounts to revenue enhancement remunerators in order to increase the disposable income of these taxpayers. Decision The United States crisis should motivate the Federal Reserve functionary to reconsider whether the involvement rates should be a good footing for steering in puting the monetary values of houses. The Federal Reserve should be more active than of all time to rectify this recession status by shooting more money in the economic system to promote more ingestion hence increasing the aggregative demand. Some might reason that this might hold the consequence of increasing rising prices but the deflation status are likely to counter the effects of rising prices. Furthermore the most pressing job that needs immediate attending is recession since rising prices is a less job that can be solved subsequently on. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? : Retrieved on 30ThursdayMarch 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. economic expert. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9769471 Retrieved on 30ThursdayMarch 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nytimes. com/2007/03/23/business/23speed. hypertext markup language? _ Retrieved on 30ThursdayMarch 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. federalreserve. gov/fomc/fundsrate. htm: Retrieved on 30ThursdayMarch 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. chance. org/cs/articles? article=the_bubble_economy Retrieved on 30ThursdayMarch 2008 World Wide Web. CNNMoney. com: . Retrieved on 30ThursdayMarch 2008

Response to Intervention Model

Bibliographic information about the program and costs Initially, the Response to Intervention (RTI) model was adopted in 1970s as a tool for assessing learners with potential learning difficulties. Such learning challenges covered various areas in acquiring instructional information. It aimed to replace the conventional model of ‘wait to fail’.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Response to Intervention Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The RTI model moved away from determining the gap between the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores and the prescribed grade. Instead, it provided a rapid, evidence-based mode of identifying learning difficulties. In 2004, the Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) recognized the RTI model as an appropriate tool for determining and identifying students with learning difficulties. In most cases, a number of students who have learning disabilities also depict reading difficulties. Intervention programs have proved effective in overcoming such learning difficulties (Fuchs Fuchs, 2006). The cost of implementing the model could be relatively high because in cases where teachers lack knowledge of implementation processes, external assistance may be required. Objectives of the program The RTI model aims to eliminate chances of academic failure by embarking on early intervention, regular assessment of learners’ progress and facilitating thorough research-based instructional programs for learners with difficulties. The RTI is an intervention program that has â€Å"several levels and can be adjusted and changed to meet learning needs of various students† (Fuchs Fuchs, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With regard to identifying students with learning disabilities, the RTI framework is an alternative to the con ventional framework that relied on the gap between learners’ IQ scores and test scores. The supporters of the RTI model have touted it as an intervention program that focuses on the Specific Learning Disability (SLD) for the purposes of clarification and clarity. On the contrary, opponents have claimed that the RTI model just identifies low achievers instead of learners with learning difficulties. The RTI framework strives to offer regular feedback to both learners and teachers on learners’ achievements and progress on an individual basis. All people involved can evaluate results because they are visually presented and interpreted. The model allows teachers to adjust contents to meet learning needs of specific learners because it is easy to adjust. In this case, the RTI does not rely on tests or grades to facilitate changes. The model aims at highlighting national achievements of students and making comparison for additional information on learners’ achievement. Finally, the RTI model also allows the instructor to identify learners who may benefit from learning in groups, as individuals or require further tuition and instructions. When such learners get the right interventions, they reduce high chances of learning deficits.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Response to Intervention Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instructional program target One major approach of the model involves data collection based on the universal school-wide screening of learners. Instructors can focus on a specific grade or level and conduct learners’ screening based on a given subject, such as writing, reading or mathematics. Overall, RTI screening can focus on all students. The screening processes aim to establish efficiency and practicality in assessment. The fundamental objective of this process is to identify learners who require further assistance at all levels. The R TI model uses specific criteria (criterion referenced) or general norms (norm referenced) to assess students’ performance scores against the screening items (McCardle Chhabra, 2004). In some instances, cut scores may be applicable with the criterion referenced, which focus on a given level of proficiency based on grading levels. On the other hand, norm referenced relies on the learner’s scores against scores of other students or a large group of learners. The program allows educators to conduct learners’ assessment during fall, winter and spring. The collected data are useful in guiding the instruction of the RTI based on its three tier processes. This process allows educators to identify learners with difficulties, as well as potential areas for interventions and improvement in a larger classroom where many learners may fail to score the required grades. The National Research Center on Learning Disabilities recommends that schools should adopt regular reviews after five weeks to assess achievements of learners and implement interventions for learners who need them. The regular assessment aims to eliminate challenges of over-identification at the beginning of the year. Qualifications and required instructor training The RTI framework is a multilevel tool and could be complex for many instructors. In addition, it is thorough and requires collaboration among regular teachers and special education instructors.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, teachers must understand the importance of teamwork when using the RTI model for intervention. The model requires highly trained teachers with various resources to implement the three tiers of the model successfully. Instructors may also require training in Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) for effective implementation of the model to meet needs of learners with various learning difficulties. However, lack of resources, including time may hinder implementation of the model. One should recognize that some instructors who lack or have little experience in teaching learners with disabilities might experience significant challenges with the RTI model. In addition, instructors must understand how a research-based method is effective in helping learners with difficulties. Further, instructors must prepare for additional work with the model and crucial changes in expectations of various stakeholders. This is necessary to avoid potential resistance of the model by educators. Fo r effective utilization of the model, a school might seek services of external consultants or educators to assist with effective implementation of the model. Span of the program Instructors conduct learners’ evaluation at the beginning of the year for any preferred areas of learning. The model may also require regular assessment after five weeks to ensure its effectiveness. The RTI framework has three primary elements to ensure that it covers the necessary areas as an intervention model. All these three important components must work in tandem for the RTI model to remain relevant and achieve its desired outcomes. Therefore, any failure to include all the components of the model could result in incomplete assessment of learners and subsequent interventions. In this case, the model may not work and collapse altogether. For instance, any school that only adopts the problem-solving component but fails to collect data on the needs of learners cannot claim to have used the RTI effe ctively. The model insists on regular and repeated measures of learners academic achievements. The three components include: The first component: A Delivery System Designed with Multiple Tiers of Interventions The second component: An Integrated Assessment/Data Collection System to Make Informed Decisions The third component: A Problem-Solving Method (Batsche, Kavale and Kovaleski, 2006) Instructional focus of the program Users must recognize that the RTI model was developed for various purposes in a learning environment. In addition, it accounts for all stakeholders in the learning process. In this case, staff members, administrators and auditors must understand how the model works. The instructional focus of the program could be in any core subject such as mathematics, reading and writing. The critical component of the RTI model is the problem solving. Different user groups must follow the developed procedures used in the component. In most cases, teachers and other school speci alists might lack deep experiences with the RTI model. Thus, they must rely on the systematic instructions provided. The second user group is the selective users. Selective users require the manual for reference on specific elements of the model. Such users may include school psychologists who participate in the support process. The last group includes the intervention specialists who use the model frequently in problem-solving processes. Sample instructional activities It is imperative to recognize that the RTI framework requires high standards of collaboration because of its scope and approach. In fact, various stakeholders in the education system participate in the problem-solving process. For instance, in the problem-solving component, various stakeholders take part in different processes. Figure 1: The Problem-Solving Method These processes involve core guidelines in the RTI. They include: Defining the problem Analyzing the cause Developing the plan Implementing and monitorin g the plan Evaluating the plan In this process, the classroom teacher has specific roles in the process. The classroom teacher conducts the following procedures for any given core subject. Differentiates the instruction Administers standard levels Monitors learners’ progress Identifies students at risks Communicates with various stakeholders, including parents and support team about learners’ challenges Completes the Student Support Team (SST) form Takes part in the SST meeting Actively engages in the development and implementation of the SST intervention plan Therefore, an instructor must work with intervention specialists in different areas. Progress monitoring devices The RTI framework has several monitoring devices. Some of the progress monitoring devices within the RTI framework as identified by Dexter and Hughes (2009) study include the following: SPMM – Standard-protocol mathematics model SCRED – St. Croix River education district model RBM â⠂¬â€œ Idaho results-based model BSM – Behavior support model IST – Pennsylvania instructional support teams MPSM – Minneapolis problem-solving model TRI – Tiers of reading intervention FSDS – Illinois flexible service delivery system model IBA – Ohio intervention-based assessment STEEP – System to enhance educational performance EGM – Exit group model This is a long list of RTI monitoring devices, which can allow instructors to select an appropriate device for the subjects or students. However, it is paramount for instructors to understand how to use these monitoring devices for effective outcomes. Literature and research on the program Research and literature reviews exist about the RTI model. Such studies (Burns, Griffiths, Parson, Tilly VanDerHayden, 2007; McCardle Chhabra, 2004; Fuchs Fuchs, 2006) have established that the RTI model was associated with improved learning outcomes among many students in early reading and mathematics. However, other studies have criticized the RTI framework for a lack of empirical data to support its claims. Commentary and critiques Scholars have identified some core concerns with the RTI framework. One major concern is that the model assumes that the educational system can account for the needs of all learners. However, a critical review of the model shows that it does not account for gifted students (Reynolds Shaywitz, 2007). Therefore, it is imperative to introduce a component that accounts for the needs of gifted students. Other critics have commented that the RTI framework is an effective prevention tool that lacks empirical evidence. In addition, they note the framework may deny or delay interventions for learners with disabilities (Reynolds Shaywitz, 2007). Other critics have also questioned the implementation procedures of the model, and that the model’s supporters have ignored any forms of criticisms (Fuchs Deshler, 2007). At the same time, other s tudies have supported critics by noting that the RTI framework does not yield reliable respondents or non-respondents (Fuchs Fuchs, 2006). Consequently, they have claimed that RTI might not be an effective model for determining learning disabilities. Other comments Learners with disabilities require effective intervention models. Consequently, there are various models to serve different needs of such students. The RTI is a model that relies on data to determine learning difficulties and develop appropriate interventions. Given the positive outcomes of RTI with many learners, it is imperative for many instructors to understand how the model works. Instructors might seek for training or assistance of external consultants to implement the model successfully. Further studies are necessary to address some of the challenges identified in the implementation processes of the model. In addition, instructors must work with other stakeholders in education and acquire the required skills for t he model. It is important to recognize that the model can only be effective if all its components are implemented. Specifically, the components of data collection and problem solving are critical in the model, but they are highly demanding. Overall, the model has been effective as an intervention tool for enhancing learning among learners with various disabilities because it focuses on specific needs of individual learners. References Batsche, G. M., Kavale, K. A., and Kovaleski, J. F. (2006). Competing views: A dialogue on Response to Intervention. Assessment for Effective Instruction, 32(1), 6-19. Burns, M. K., Griffiths, A., Parson, L. B., Tilly, W. D., VanDerHayden, A. (2007). Response to intervention: Research for practice. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directors of Special Education. Dexter, D. D., and Hughes, C. (2009). Progress Monitoring Within a Response-to- Intervention Model. Web. Fuchs, D., Deshler, D. (2007). What we need to know about responsiveness to intervention (and shouldn’t be afraid to ask). Learning Disabilities Research Practice, 22, 129-136. Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. (2006). Introduction to Response to Intervention: What, why, and how valid is it? Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 93-99. doi:10.1598/RRQ.41.1.4. Lohman, J. (2007). OLR Research Report: Response to Intervention plans. Web. McCardle, P., Chhabra, V. (2004). The voice of evidence in reading research. Baltimore: Brookes. Reynolds, C. R., Shaywitz, S. (2007). Response to intervention: Remediation, perhaps, diagnosis, no. Child Development Perspectives, 3, 44-47. Veldhuis, S. (n.d). 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